The Little Rock Nine were the nine African-American students involved in the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School. Their entrance into the school in 1957 sparked a nationwide crisis when Arkansas governor Orval Faubus, in defiance of a federal court order, called out the Arkansas National Guard
to prevent the Nine from entering. President Dwight D. Eisenhower
responded by federalizing the National Guard and sending in units of the
U.S. Army’s 101
st Airborne Division to escort the Nine into
the school on September 25, 1957. The military presence remained for the
duration of the school year.
Before transferring to Central, the Nine attended segregated schools for black students in Little Rock (Pulaski County).
Carlotta Walls,
Jefferson Thomas, and
Gloria Ray attended Paul Laurence Dunbar Junior High School, while
Ernest Green,
Elizabeth Eckford,
Thelma Mothershed,
Terrence Roberts,
Minnijean Brown, and
Melba Pattillo attended Horace Mann High School.
On
May 24, 1955, the Little Rock School Board adopted a plan for gradual
integration, known as the Blossom Plan (also known as the Little Rock
Phase Program). The plan called for desegregation to begin in the fall
of 1957 at Central and filter down to the lower grades over the next six
years. Under the plan, students would be permitted to transfer from any
school where their race was in the minority, thus ensuring that the
black schools would remain racially segregated, because many people
believed that few, if any, white students would opt to attend
predominantly black schools. Federal courts upheld the Blossom Plan in
response to a lawsuit by the National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People (NAACP).
On September 4, 1957, the Nine attempted
to enter Central but were turned away by Arkansas National Guard troops
called out by the governor. When Elizabeth Eckford arrived at the campus
at the intersection of 14
th and Park Streets, she was
confronted by an angry mob of segregationist protestors. She attempted
to enter at the front of the school but was directed back out to the
street by the guardsmen. Walking alone, surrounded by the crowd, she
eventually reached the south end of Park Street and sat down on a bench
to wait for a city bus to take her to her mother’s workplace. Of her
experience, Eckford later said, “I tried to see a friendly face
somewhere in the mob—someone who maybe would help. I looked into the
face of an old woman and it seemed a kind face, but when I looked at her
again, she spat on me.” Others of the Nine arrived the same day and
gathered at the south, or 16
th Street, corner where they and
an integrated group of local ministers who were there to support them
were also turned away by guardsmen.
The Nine remained at home for
more than two weeks, trying to keep up with their schoolwork as best
they could. When the federal court ordered Gov. Faubus to stop
interfering with the court’s order, Faubus removed the guardsmen from in
front of the school. On September 23, the Nine entered the school for
the first time. The crowd outside chanted, “Two, four, six, eight…We
ain’t gonna integrate!” and chased and beat black reporters who were
covering the events. The Little Rock police, fearful that they could not
control the increasingly unruly mob in front of the school, removed the
Nine later that morning. They once again returned home and waited for
further information on when they would be able to attend school.
Calling the mob’s actions “disgraceful,” Eisenhower called out 1,200 members of the U.S. Army’s 101
st
Airborne Division—the “Screaming Eagles” of Fort Campbell, Kentucky—and
placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal orders. On September
25, 1957, under federal troop escort, the Nine were escorted back into
Central for their first full day of classes. Melba Pattillo later wrote,
“After three full days inside Central, I know that integration is a
much bigger word than I thought.”
After the Nine suffered repeated
harassment—such as kicking, shoving, and name calling—the military
assigned guards to escort them to classes. The guards, however, could
not go everywhere with the students, and harassment continued in places
such as the restrooms and locker rooms. After the 101
st
Airborne soldiers returned to Ft. Campbell in November, leaving the
National Guard troops in charge, segregationist students intensified
their efforts to compel the Nine to leave Central. The Little Rock Nine
did not have any classes together. They were not allowed to participate
in extracurricular activities at Central. Nevertheless, they returned to
school every day to persist in obtaining an equal education.
Although
all of the Nine endured verbal and physical harassment during their
year at Central, Minnijean Brown was the only one to respond; she was
first suspended and then expelled for retaliating against the daily
torment by dropping her lunch tray with a bowl of chili on two white
boys and, later, by referring to a white girl who hit her as “white
trash.” Of her experience, she later said, “I just can’t take everything
they throw at me without fighting back.” Brown moved to New York City
and graduated from New Lincoln High School in 1959.
The other
eight students remained at Central until the end of the school year. On
May 27, 1958, Ernest Green became Central’s first black graduate. Dr.
Martin Luther King Jr. attended his graduation ceremony. Green later
told reporters, “It’s been an interesting year. I’ve had a course in
human relations first hand.” The other eight, like their counterparts
across the district, were forced to attend other schools or take
correspondence classes the next year when voters opted to close all four
of Little Rock’s high schools to prevent further desegregation efforts.
Source: encyclopediaofarkansas