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| Location: |
3764 Elvis Presley Boulevard (Highway 51 South), Memphis, Tennessee |
| Coordinates: |
 35°2′46″N 90°1′23″WCoordinates: 35°2′46″N 90°1′23″W |
| Area: |
13.588 acres (5.499 ha) |
| Built: |
1939 |
| Architect: |
Furbringer & Ehrman |
| Architectural style: |
Colonial Revival |
| NRHP Reference#: |
91001585 |
| Significant dates |
| Added to NRHP: |
November 7, 1991 |
| Designated NHL: |
March 27, 2006 |
Right side view of Graceland Mansion.
Graceland is a large white-columned mansion and 13.8-acre (5.6 ha) estate in Memphis, Tennessee that was home to
Elvis Presley. It is located at 3764 Elvis Presley Boulevard in the vast Whitehaven community about 9 miles (14.5 km) from Downtown and less than four miles (6 km) north of the
Mississippi border.
It currently serves as a museum. It was opened to the public on June 7, 1982. The site was listed in the
National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1991 and declared a
National Historic Landmark
on March 27, 2006. Graceland has become one of the most-visited private
homes in America with over 600,000 visitors a year, behind the White House
and Biltmore Estate (900,000 visitors per year).
The most famous icon of the estate is the front gate, shaped like a
book of sheet music, with green colored musical notes, and a sillouette
of Elvis, it has come to symbolize the estate more than the mansion
itself.
Elvis Presley died at the estate on August 16, 1977. Presley, his
parents Gladys and Vernon Presley, and his grandmother, are buried there
in what is called the Meditation Garden. A memorial gravestone for
Presley's stillborn twin brother, Jesse Garon, is also at the site.
History
Graceland Farms was originally owned by S.C. Toof, founder of
S.C. Toof & Co., a commercial printing firm in Memphis, who was previously the pressroom foreman of the Memphis newspaper, the
Memphis Daily Appeal.
The grounds were named after Toof's daughter, Grace, who inherited the
farm. Soon after, the portion of the land designated as Graceland today
was given to her nephews and niece. It was Grace Toof's niece, Ruth
Moore, who, in 1939 together with her husband Dr. Thomas Moore, built
the present mansion in the Colonial Revival style.
Architecture and modifications
The mansion is constructed of tan limestone and consists of
twenty-three rooms, including eight bedrooms and bathrooms. The entrance
way contains four Temple of the Winds columns and two large lions
perched on both sides of the portico.
After purchasing the property Presley carried out extensive modifications to suit his needs and tastes, including: a fieldstone
wall surrounding the grounds, a wrought-iron music-themed gate, a
swimming pool, a racquetball court, and the famous "Jungle Room" which
features an indoor waterfall, among other modifications. In February and
October 1976, the Jungle Room was converted into a recording studio,
where Presley recorded the bulk of his final two albums,
From Elvis Presley Boulevard, Memphis, Tennessee and
Moody Blue; these were his final known recordings in a studio setting.
One of Presley's better known modifications was the addition of the
Meditation Garden, where he, his parents Gladys and Vernon, and
grandmother are buried. A small stone memorializes Elvis' twin brother
Jesse Garon who died at birth. The Meditation Garden was opened to the
public in 1978. Graceland was officially opened to the public on June 7,
1982.
According to critics such as Albert Goldman, "'nothing in the house is worth a dime." In chapter 1 of his book,
Elvis
(1981), the author describes Graceland as looking like a brothel: "it
appears to have been lifted from some turn-of-the-century bordello down
in the French Quarter
of New Orleans." And he dismisses the interior as "gaudy," "garish" and
"phony," adding that "King Elvis's obsession with royal red reaches an
intensity that makes you gag." When "people who to a real degree shared
Elvis Presley’s class background, and whose lives were formed by his
music," visited the inside of Graceland, Greil Marcus
says in similar terms, they "have returned with one word to describe
what they saw: 'Tacky.' Tacky, garish, tasteless — words others
translated as white trash."
In
Graceland: Going Home With Elvis, Karal Ann Marling deals with the decorative arts that makes Elvis' mansion seem a creation as well as a site.
Graceland's "act of faith in serial novelty," Marling argues,
synthesized the "intense concern for personal style" that made B. B.
King notice a teenage Elvis in a pawnshop years before he was famous and
the fashion sense informing the "theme clothes" of the '70's —
"carapace[s] of sheer, radiant glory." However, during their four-year
relationship, Presley's girlfriend Linda Thompson decorated much of Graceland in her own style.
Even Presley himself was said to "balk at the extent of her red fur and leopard skin look."
Graceland grew from 10,266 square feet (953.7 m
2) when originally bought by Presley to 17,552 square feet (1,630.6 m
2)
today. Managers of the complex announced a major renovation project
that will include a new visitors center, a 500-room convention hotel and
high-tech museum displays. The current visitors center, souvenir shops,
the 128-room Heartbreak Hotel, and museums will be torn down and
replaced with the new facilities. The project will take approximately
three years to complete
.
Presleys
After Elvis Presley began his career he bought a $40,000 home for himself and his family at 1034 Audubon Drive in Memphis.
As his fame grew, especially after his appearances on television, the
number of fans that would congregate outside the home multiplied.
Presley's neighbors, most of whom were happy to have a celebrity living
nearby, soon came to find the constant gathering of fans and
journalists a nuisance.
After several complaints, Presley decided it was necessary for him to move to a property more suitable.
In early 1957, Presley gave his parents a $100,000 budget, and asked them to find a "farmhouse" type property to purchase.
At the time, Graceland was located several miles beyond Memphis's main urban area.
In later years Memphis would expand with housing, resulting in Graceland being surrounded by other properties.
After Gladys died in 1958, and Vernon married Dee Stanley in 1960, the couple lived there for a time. Wife-to-be
Priscilla Beaulieu also lived at Graceland for five years before she and Elvis married.
After their marriage in Las Vegas on May 1, 1967, Priscilla lived in
Graceland five more years until she separated from Presley in late 1972.
According to Mark Crispin Miller, Graceland became for Presley "the
home of the organization that was himself, was tended by a large vague
clan of Presleys and deputy Presleys, each squandering the vast
gratuities which Elvis used to keep his whole world smiling." The author
adds that Presley's father Vernon "had a swimming pool in his bedroom",
that there "was a jukebox next to the swimming pool, containing Elvis'
favorite records" and that the singer himself "would spend hours in his
bedroom, watching his property on a closed-circuit television."
Graceland was
Lisa Marie Presley's
first home after her birth on February 1, 1968 and her childhood home,
although her main state of residence was California where she lived with
her mother after she divorced Elvis when Lisa was in elementary school.
Every year at Christmas time Lisa Marie Presley and all her family
would go to Graceland to celebrate Christmas together. Lisa Marie
Presley often goes back to Graceland for visits.
When she turned 25,
Lisa Marie Presley inherited the estate. In 2005 she sold 85 percent of it.
According to Brad Olsen, "Some of the rooms at Graceland testify to
the brilliance and quirkiness of Elvis Presley." The TV room in the
basement is where he often watched three television sets at once, and
was within close reach of a wet bar."
The Jungle Room, Graceland
Jungle Room
When he would tour, staying in hotels, "the rooms would be remodeled
in advance of his arrival, so as to make the same configurations of
space as he had at home – the Graceland mansion. His furniture would
arrive, and he could unwind after his performances in surroundings which
were completely familiar and comforting," the room in question, 'The
Jungle Room' being "an example of particularly lurid kitsch."
The Meditation Garden, designed and built by architect Bernard
Grenadier, has been noted as a preferred place of Presley in the
property, where he often went to reflect on any problems or situations
that arose during his life.
Elvis Standing In Foyer
According to the singer's cousin, Billy Smith, Presley spent the
night at Graceland with Smith and his wife Jo many times: "we were all
three there talking for hours about everything in the world!
Dining Room
Dining Room
Sometimes
he would have a bad dream and come looking for me to talk to, and he
would actually fall asleep in our bed with us."
Parents Bedroom Decorated For Christmas
His Parents Bedroom
There was some discord between Elvis and his stepmother Dee at Graceland, however, and Elaine Dundy
said "that Vernon had settled down with Dee where Gladys had once
reigned, while Dee herself - when Elvis was away - had taken over the
role of mistress of Graceland so thoroughly as to rearrange the
furniture and replace the very curtains that Gladys had approved of."
This was too much for the singer who still loved his deceased mother.
One afternoon, "a van arrived ... and all Dee's household's goods,
clothes, 'improvements,' and her own menagerie of pets, were loaded on
... while Vernon, Dee and her three children went by car to a nearby
house on Hermitage until they finally settled into a house on Dolan
Drive which ran alongside Elvis' estate."
Elvis's Bedroom
On August 16, 1977, Presley died in his bathroom at Graceland
allegedly of a heart attack. However, there are conflicting reports as
to the cause of his death. According to the well known Presley
biographer Peter Guralnick,
the singer "had thrown up after being stricken, apparently while seated
on the toilet." The author adds that "drug use was heavily implicated
in this unanticipated death of a middle-aged man with no known history
of heart disease...no one ruled out the possibility of anaphylactic shock brought on by the codeine pills he had gotten from his dentist."
Kitchen
Presley made lists outlining items to be kept in Graceland at all times. Items included:
- fresh, lean, unfrozen ground meat
- one case regular Pepsi
- one case orange drinks
- rolls (hot rolls - Brown 'n' Serve)
- at least 6 cans of biscuits
- hamburger buns
- pickles
- potatoes and onions
- assorted fresh fruits
- cans of sauerkraut
- wieners
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- at least three bottles each of milk and Half and Half.
- thin, lean bacon
- mustard
- peanut butter
- fresh, hand-squeezed cold orange juice
- banana pudding (to be made fresh nightly)
- ingredients for meat loaf and sauce
- brownies (to be made fresh nightly)
- ice cream - vanilla and chocolate
- shredded coconut
- fudge cookies
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- 3 packs each of Spearmint, Doublemint, and Juicy Fruit gum
- cigars (El Producto Diamond Tips & El Producto Altas)
- cigarettes
- Dristan
- Super Anahist
- Contac
- Sucrets (antibiotic red box)
- Feenamint gum
- matches (four to five books)
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Notable visitors
In 1957, Presley invited Richard Williams and
Buzz Cason
to visit the Whitehaven neighborhood of Memphis where Graceland is
located "to get a close look at this mansion Elvis had told us about.
... We proceeded to clown around on the front porch, striking our best
rock 'n' roll poses and snapping pictures with the little camera. We
peeked in the not-yet-curtained windows and got a kick out of the pastel
colored walls in the front rooms with shades of bright reds and purples
that Elvis most certainly had picked out."
"In the late 50's, Elvis was fond of claiming that the US government had mooted a visit to Graceland by Nikita Khrushchev, 'to see how in America a fellow can start out with nothing and, you know, make good'.
On June 30, 2006, when US President
George W. Bush hosted Japanese Prime Minister
Junichiro Koizumi
for a tour of the mansion, it became one of a few residences on
American soil other than an Embassy, the White House, or any of the
other Presidential retreats to have hosted a joint-visit by a sitting US
president and a head of a foreign government. (Koizumi, who served as
Prime Minister of Japan from 2001 to 2006, is an avid Elvis Presley fan
and even shares Presley's January 8 birthday.)
On August 6, 2010,
Prince Albert II,
the Principality of Monaco's Head of State, and his fiancée Charlene
Wittstock, on a vacation tour of the United States, also toured
Graceland.
Albert explained: "If you're on a summer holiday, you've got to come at
this time of year. I've always wanted to come to Graceland. Charlene
and my friends wanted to be here today for this visit, Elvis touched our
lives as well and the lives of so many people. We wanted to pay our
respects and see what this place was all about."
Living Room
Living Room
Living Room
Living Room
Living Room
Elvis Relaxing In The Living Room
On May 26, 2013,
Sir Paul McCartney visited Graceland, and left a guitar pick on Elvis's grave, and said, "so Elvis can play in heaven."
Tourist destination
1st floor, Graceland (not to scale)
2nd floor, Graceland (not to scale)
Basement, Graceland (not to scale)
After Elvis Presley's death in 1977, Vernon Presley served as
executor of his estate. Upon his death in 1979, he chose Priscilla to
serve as the estate executor for Elvis' only child, Lisa Marie who was
only 11. Graceland itself cost $500,000 a year in upkeep, and expenses
had dwindled Elvis' and Priscilla's daughter Lisa Marie's inheritance to
only $1 million. Taxes were due on the property, those and other
expenses due came to over $500,000. Faced with having to sell Graceland,
Priscilla examined other famous houses/museums, and hired a CEO, Jack
Soden, to turn Graceland into a moneymaker.
Elvis's Upstairs Office
Elvis's Upstairs Office
Elvis's Upstairs Office
Graceland was opened to the
public on June 7, 1982. Priscilla's gamble paid off, after only a month
of opening Graceland's doors the estate made back all the money it had
invested. Priscilla Presley became the chairwoman and president of
Elvis Presley Enterprises,
or EPE, stating at that time she would do so until Lisa Marie reached
21 years of age. The enterprise's fortunes soared and eventually the
trust grew to be worth over $100 million.
While Graceland was open to tours from 1982, the last person to live
in the house was Elvis' aunt Delta, on Elvis' invitation after her
husband died. She lived in the house until her death in 1993.
LivingRoom
Racquetball Room
Racquetball Room
An annual procession through the estate and past Elvis' grave is held
on the anniversary of his death. The largest gathering assembled on the
25th anniversary in 2002. One estimate was of 40,000 people in
attendance, despite the heavy rain.
Graceland's Gates at the Guardhouse
Graceland's Gates
Elvis Standing At The Gates To Graceland
The 20th Anniversary in 1997 had the biggest crowd in Memphis for an
Elvis Week. At this time several hundred media groups from around the
world were present and the event gained its greatest media publicity as
an estimated 50,000 fans visited the city.
Media, TV Room
Bedroom
Gladys And Elvis and Her Pearls
Vernon's Office
For many of the hundreds of thousands of people who visit Graceland each year, the visit takes on a quasi-religious perspective.
They may plan for years to journey to the home of the ‘King’ of rock
and roll. On site, headphones narrate the salient events of Elvis’s life
and introduce the relics that adorn the rooms and corridors. The
rhetorical mode is hagiographic, celebrating the life of an
extraordinary man, emphasizing his generosity, his kindness and good
fellowship, how he was at once a poor boy who made good, an
extraordinary musical talent, a sinner and substance abuser, and a
religious man devoted to the Gospel and its music. At the meditation
garden, containing Elvis’s grave, some visitors pray, kneel, or quietly
sing one of Elvis’s favorite hymns. The brick wall that encloses the
mansion's grounds is covered with graffiti that express an admiration
for the singer as well as petitions for help and thanks for favors
granted.
The Graceland grounds include a museum containing many Elvis
artifacts, like some of his famous Vegas jumpsuits, awards, gold
records, the
Lisa Marie jetliner, and Elvis' extensive auto collection.
Bedroom In The Plane
Elvis Presley Auto Museum Across The Street
Recently Sirius Satellite Radio
installed an all-Elvis Presley channel on the grounds. The service's
subscribers all over North America can hear Presley's music from
Graceland around the clock. Two new attractions have been added, Private
Presley and the `68 Special exhibits; these can be found across the
street on the plaza. The fieldstone wall that Presley installed is still
there, and has several years' worth of graffiti from visitors, who
simply refer to it as "the wall".
Elvis Riding A Horse At Graceland
A Young Elvis At Graceland
Tours of the museums at Graceland are available, though no flash photography or video cameras
are allowed inside. There is an audio tour of the Graceland mansion.
The upper floor is not open to visitors out of respect for the Presley
family and partially to avoid any improper focus on the bathroom which
was the site of his death.
The upper floor, which also contains Elvis' bedroom, has been untouched
since the day Elvis died and is rarely seen by non-family members.
Visitors park across the street, boarding shuttle buses to begin the
tour of Graceland. Attendants issue headphones, and tourists are
individually snapped by a souvenir photographer in front of a painted
wall with Graceland's famous music gates. Tour buses drive across Elvis
Presley Blvd. through the smallish Music gates. Down the long winding
drive the bus stops in front of stone lions that stand watch at the wide
red brick front steps. It was behind these lions that over 3500 of
Elvis' mourning fans passed by to see his body in its casket. The house
is much bigger than expected, photos being of the main part only. A tour
guide stands at the closed doors to give a brief history of Graceland
starting with the woman (Grace) it was named for and concluding with the
fact that Elvis bought Graceland when he was only 22 years old. Finally
the door opens to allow entry through the front door where, almost
directly overhead, perhaps forever unseen by the public, is where Elvis
died, on his bathroom floor.
The Living Room, Graceland
"The first shock an Elvis fan experiences upon visiting Graceland is
that the mansion is only barely set back from the road" and that through
its gates one can see a shopping center.
Upon entering Graceland, the white staircase, filled with reflective
mirrors, is directly in front. To the right is the Living Room with the
adjoining Music Room, the first room to be presented on the tour. There
are guard rails up prohibiting entry to the Living Room and only part of
the Music Room can be seen, hidden behind a doorway framed by vivid
large peacocks set in stained glass. In this doorway, in front of the
stained glass, Elvis' casket was placed for the funeral held in his
home. Visible in the Music Room is a black baby grand piano and an old
1950's style TV. The Living Room contains a 15-foot-long (4.6 m) white
sofa against the wall overlooking Graceland's front yard. To the left is
a white fireplace. The painting that was Elvis' last Christmas present
from his father, Vernon, hangs in this room. Also displayed are
photographs of Elvis' parents Vernon and Gladys, Elvis and Lisa Marie.
These rooms are then followed with a walk past the grand staircase to
Elvis' parents' room.
In Elvis' parents' bedroom, white is the predominant color. A
velvet-looking dark purple bedspread drapes onto the floor at the foot
of the queen size bed. The walls, dresser, bed and carpet are bright
white, protected from visitors by a guard rail. To the right is the
closet, sealed with clear glass showing four or five of the dresses
Gladys wore. To the left is a pink full bathroom, almost obscured from
sight because of a velvet rope barrier.
Elvis' Lockheed Jetstar on display near Graceland.
Next, the tour takes you into the dining room and the
kitchen (which was not open to the public until 1995, as Elvis' aunt Delta used it until her death in 1993)
and continues through the
basement, where Elvis' media room with its three televisions can be seen. There is also a bar and
billiards
room. The tour continues upstairs again, through the famous Jungle
Room. After the Jungle room, it exits to the backyard, past Lisa Marie's
childhood swing set, to a small white building that served as his
father's office. Through the office there is a small room containing a
scale model of the home where he was born in Tupelo, Mississippi. Elvis'
shooting range is housed in what used to be an old smokehouse.
Down the
sloping lawn, past horses grazing behind neat white fences, visitors
enter the "Trophy Room". Originally this space was a sidewalk behind the
house that Elvis had enclosed to store his many items of appreciation.
Just inside is Elvis' famous gold lamé suit from his early years.
In the Trophy Room many walls display records, movie posters, old
time memorabilia of lipstick and shoes, even a 1950s Elvis doll. Among
items there are the three Grammys Elvis won, Priscilla's wedding dress,
Elvis' wedding tuxedo, Lisa Marie's toy chest and baby clothes and the
famous hall of Elvis' gold records and awards. The Trophy Room then
winds down the halls through a display of his
68 Comeback,
featuring his leather suit, his personal copies of his movie scripts,
costumes he wore in many of his movies and a few of his trademark jumpsuits.
Also in this room are all the awards and distinctions Elvis received
and a display of the many canceled checks Elvis wrote to various
charities.
Elvis Presley's Convair 880, "Lisa Marie", named after his daughter
Once again outside, the tour moves past his still fully functioning stable of horses. Elvis' Racquetball
Court is next, now housing a display of Elvis' sequined "jumpsuits".
The entrance is reminiscent of entering an old country club, expertly
built and expensively furnished in dark leather on the numerous bar
chairs and sofas. A fully functional bar is on the right. To the left is
a sunken sitting area with the ever present stereo system found
throughout Graceland. There is also the dark brown upright piano upon
which Elvis played for what were to be his last songs, Willie Nelson's
Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain
and The Righteous Brothers' "Unchained Melody". Reports conflict about
which one was the last song. The sitting area has a floor to ceiling
shatter proof window designed to watch the many racquetball games that
took place here when Elvis was alive. In the early hours of the morning
Elvis died he, his girlfriend Ginger Alden, his first cousin Billy Smith
and Billy's wife Jo played a game of racquetball ending the game with
the song on the piano before Elvis walked into the main house to wash
his hair and go to bed. Today the court has been converted into displays
of the majority of Elvis' stage costumes. More costumes are on display
across the street in the "Sincerely Elvis" area. Many old vinyl records
are hanging in the two story court, including numerous posthumous
awards. Big screen TVs are scattered throughout Graceland. In the
racquetball court Elvis' movies and recordings of his Las Vegas concerts
play continually. Elvis had the swimming pool built after moving to
Graceland.
Just past the pool area is the Meditation Garden where Elvis, his
mother Gladys, his father Vernon and grandmother Minnie Mae Hood Presley
lie buried. A separate building across the street houses a car
collection, which includes
Elvis' Pink Cadillac and not far away his two planes
Lisa Marie (a
Convair 880) and
Hound Dog II (a
Lockheed JetStar) are on display.
National historic landmark
Designation of Graceland mansion as a National Historic Landmark in 2006
Graceland was listed in the
National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1991 and designated a
National Historic Landmark on March 27, 2006
Graceland was the first site related to rock and roll to be entered in
the National Register of Historic Places. The nomination was prepared
and submitted by college student Jennifer Tucker of Memphis.
Recent developments
In early August 2005,
Lisa Marie Presley
sold 85% of the business side of her father's estate. She kept the
Graceland property itself, as well as the bulk of the possessions found
therein, and she turned over the management of Graceland to
CKX, Inc., an entertainment company (on whose board of directors Priscilla Presley sits) that also owns
19 Entertainment, creator of the
American Idol TV show.
The final resting place of Elvis Presley on the grounds at Graceland.
In February 2006, CKX Chairman Bob Sillerman announced plans to turn
Graceland into an international tourist destination on a par with the
Disney or Universal theme parks, sprucing up the area mansion and
doubling or possibly tripling the 600,000 annual visitors to around 2
million a year.
Sillerman’s goal is to enhance the "total fan
experience" at Graceland to compel visitors to spend more time and
money. The company is working with the Bob Weis, the recently named new
CEO of Disney Imagineering based in Orlando, Florida, to improve the
tourist area around Graceland, which is located in an economically
depressed area of Memphis, while keeping intact the historic home.
Graceland officials envision a 3-mile (4.8 km) strip of Elvis Presley
Boulevard transformed into a beautiful entertainment district from East
Brooks RD all the way down to East Shelby Drive. EPE has bought up over
120 acres (0.49 km
2) of land both commercial and residential
around the mansion both north and south, everything from apartment
complexes, car dealership, a souvenir shop and even some houses in the
area to make way for the expansion.
Sillerman, who has been speaking with investors and developers, plans
to spend between $250 million to $500 million on redeveloping the area
surrounding Graceland. Among his plans are a new luxury hotel of more
than 500 rooms and a convention center, an amphitheater for live
concerts, restaurants and retail, plus a new 80,000-square-foot (7,400 m
2)
visitor's center and museum adjacent to the Graceland mansion. 2009 was
set as the target date to begin work on the project but first it has to
be approved by the Memphis City Council.
While visitor numbers grew to around 700,000, by 2005, and partly due to the negative impact on US tourism of 9/11, visitor numbers at Graceland had reportedly declined to around 600,000 due to the rough surrounding neighborhood.
In pop culture
- The title of Paul Simon's album Graceland and the title track was inspired by Elvis' home. The title song, which presents Graceland as a holy place, also won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year a year later. The song "Walking in Memphis" by Marc Cohn and later Cher
features Graceland prominently. In the second verse of "Walking in
Memphis," Marc Cohn references Graceland and the Jungle Room.
- The film 3000 Miles to Graceland
is about a group of criminals who plan to rob a casino during an
international Elvis week, and to make it easier, they are all disguised
as Elvis impersonators.
- There is a movie Finding Graceland starring Harvey Keitel with Johnathon Schaech,
as Keitel being an impersonator who claims to be the actual real Elvis
after Schaech picks him up as a hitch-hiker trying to get a ride to
Memphis.
- In the ABC sitcom Modern Family, Graceland is mentioned in the Season Two episode "Mother Tucker." Phil Dunphy (Ty Burrell) explains to another character that it is not an amusement park, but in fact the resting place of "The King" (Elvis).
- While touring across the United States, the band members in the rock music "mockumentary" This Is Spinal Tap gather around Elvis Presley's grave at Graceland and sing a verse of "Heartbreak Hotel" a capella in three-part harmony.
Source: Internet
